import { FAQAccordion } from '@/components/FAQAccordion'

Taskade Genesis vs Bubble.io: Complete Comparison 2026

The 2026 app building landscape presents a fascinating choice: Taskade Genesis's AI-first approach with natural language coding versus Bubble.io's visual programming with drag-and-drop components. This comprehensive comparison reveals which platform delivers better value, faster development, and the right fit for your projects.

Quick Verdict: Taskade Genesis offers unlimited AI app building for $20/month with integrated project management, using natural language prompts to generate code. Bubble.io provides visual no-code development starting at $29/month with Workload Units pricing that can escalate unpredictably. Genesis wins for AI-first developers and teams; Bubble excels for visual thinkers who prefer drag-and-drop interfaces and don't mind WU complexity.

Quick Comparison: Taskade Genesis vs Bubble.io

What is Taskade Genesis?

Taskade Genesis is an AI-powered workspace that generates complete applications through natural language prompts, combining Memory + Intelligence + Motion for full-stack development and project management.

Core Approach: AI-First Development

Natural Language to Code:

• Describe your app in plain English → AI generates full-stack code
• Multi-model AI: Choose OpenAI GPT (frontier models), Anthropic Claude Sonnet (latest), or Google Gemini Pro (latest)
• Iterative refinement through conversation
• Export complete, readable code (not proprietary black boxes)

Example Workflow:

You: "Build a CRM with contact management, deal pipeline, and email integration"
Genesis AI:
→ Generates React frontend with forms and dashboards
→ Creates Node.js/Python backend with API endpoints
→ Designs PostgreSQL database schema
→ Adds authentication and authorization
→ Exports complete codebase

Key Capabilities

Full-Stack AI Development

• Frontend: React, Vue, Next.js, or plain HTML/CSS/JS
• Backend: Node.js, Python (Django/Flask), REST APIs, GraphQL
• Databases: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB with AI-generated schemas
• Authentication: JWT, OAuth, session-based
• Support for 20+ languages and frameworks

Integrated Workspace Beyond Code

• Real-time collaboration with unlimited team members
• Project management: kanban boards, Gantt charts, task tracking
• Built-in wiki for documentation
• Video calls and screen sharing
• AI agents for workflow automation

Cross-Platform Access

• Web, desktop (Mac/Windows/Linux), mobile (iOS/Android)
• Offline editing with sync
• API access for custom integrations

Pricing: $20/month for unlimited AI generations, unlimited projects, unlimited team members

Real User Review (Reddit, r/nocode): "Tried Bubble for 3 months, spent $400 on Starter + Growth plans. Hit WU limits constantly and couldn't export my code. Switched to Taskade Genesis $20/mo unlimited appsnth, unlimited AI coding, and I own the code. Never going back to no-code lock-in."

👉 Try Taskade Genesis Free

What is Bubble.io?

Bubble.io is a visual programming platform that lets you build web applications through drag-and-drop interfaces without writing code. Founded in 2012, Bubble pioneered the no-code movement and powers over 3 million apps built by non-technical founders and developers alike.

Core Technology: Visual Programming

Drag-and-Drop Interface:

• Visual editor for designing UIs with pre-built components
• Workflow builder for logic (if/then, loops, API calls)
• Database designer with visual relationships
• Responsive design editor for mobile/tablet layouts

Workload Units (WUs) Pricing Model:

• Every action in your app consumes WUs (searches, data changes, API calls)
• Different plans include WU allotments (50K-500K WUs/month)
• Overage charges if you exceed monthly WUs
• Complex to predict actual costs

Example Workflow:

1. Drag UI elements (buttons, forms, tables) onto canvas
2. Connect elements to database fields visually
3. Define workflows: "When button clicked → Create database entry → Show popup"
4. Configure responsive breakpoints for mobile
5. Publish to Bubble subdomain or custom domain

Key Features

Visual Development

• 40+ UI components (buttons, forms, maps, charts, etc.)
• Workflow engine for business logic
• Database designer with tables and relationships
• Plugin marketplace (1,800+ plugins)
• API connections (REST, GraphQL)

Pricing Tiers (based on Bubble's 2026 pricing):

• Free Plan ($0/month): 50,000 WUs, Bubble subdomain, Bubble branding
• Starter Plan ($29/month annual): 175,000 WUs, custom domain, remove branding
• Growth Plan ($119/month annual): 250,000 WUs, more storage
• Team Plan ($349/month annual): 500,000 WUs, team collaboration
• Enterprise (Custom): Custom WU allocations, dedicated infrastructure

Add-On Costs:

• Additional WUs: Overage charges
• Storage: $3 per 100GB/month
• Mobile add-ons for native iOS/Android apps

Limitations

• Vendor lock-in (can't export code, must stay on Bubble)
• WU pricing unpredictable (usage spikes = surprise bills)
• Visual programming has steep learning curve (logic flows get complex)
• Performance limitations for high-traffic apps
• No built-in project management or documentation

Real User Review (ProductHunt): "Bubble is powerful but the WU system is a nightmare. My app hit 200K WUs in week 3, forcing upgrade to Growth plan. Then I discovered I can't export my code—completely locked in. For $119/month, I expected more control."

Pricing Breakdown: $8 Unlimited vs WU Maze

Taskade Genesis Pricing

Free Plan (Forever)

• 10 AI generations/month
• Basic project features
• Up to 3 team members
• All platforms (web, mobile, desktop)
• Full code export

Pro Plan - $20/month (billed annually)

• Unlimited AI generations (frontier models from OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude, and Google Gemini)
• Unlimited projects and tasks
• Unlimited team members
• 50GB storage
• AI agents and automations
• Priority support
• No usage-based charges

💡 Cost Example: Building 5 apps with heavy AI iteration = $8/month fixed (no surprises)

Bubble.io Pricing

Free Plan - $0/month

• 50,000 WUs/month
• Bubble subdomain (yourapp.bubbleapps.io)
• Bubble branding displayed
• Not suitable for production apps

Starter Plan - $29/month (annual billing)

• 175,000 WUs/month
• Custom domain
• Remove Bubble branding
• Basic features for simple apps

Growth Plan - $119/month (annual billing)

• 250,000 WUs/month
• More advanced features
• Better for consumer-facing apps

Team Plan - $349/month (annual billing)

• 500,000 WUs/month
• Team collaboration features
• For growing teams and resource-intensive apps

Enterprise - Custom Pricing

• Custom WU allocations
• Dedicated infrastructure
• SLA guarantees

💡 Cost Example: Medium-traffic app consuming 200K WUs/month = $119/month (Growth plan) + potential overage charges

The Workload Units Problem

Bubble's WU system creates unpredictable costs and anxiety:

1. Usage Opacity: Hard to predict WU consumption for new features
2. Overage Anxiety: Exceeding monthly WUs means app slows down or additional charges
3. Scaling Costs: Traffic growth = WU growth = plan upgrades = exponential costs
4. Complex Calculation: "How many WUs does a database search use?" requires documentation diving

WU Consumption Examples (from Bubble community):

• Simple page load: 0.1-0.5 WUs
• Database search: 0.2-2 WUs
• Creating database entry: 0.3-1 WU
• API call: 1-10 WUs
• File upload: 5-20 WUs

Monthly Cost Comparison: Building a SaaS App

Winner: Taskade Genesis for predictable budgeting. Bubble's costs grow exponentially with usage.

Feature Comparison: Development Approach

Development Speed

Taskade Genesis (AI-First)

• Time to MVP: Hours (describe app → AI generates code → deploy)
• Iteration Speed: Fast (natural language refinements)
• Learning Curve: Low (if you can describe it, AI can build it)
• Complexity Limit: None (AI handles advanced features)

Example: "Add user authentication with Google OAuth" → Genesis generates auth flow in 2 minutes

Bubble.io (Visual Programming)

• Time to MVP: Days to weeks (drag-drop UI + configure workflows)
• Iteration Speed: Moderate (visual changes quick, logic flows slow)
• Learning Curve: Moderate-Steep (requires understanding Bubble's visual logic)
• Complexity Limit: High (complex workflows become visual spaghetti)

Example: Adding Google OAuth requires: dragging elements, configuring 10+ workflow steps, setting up plugins, testing visual flows

Verdict: Genesis is faster for AI-fluent developers. Bubble is better for visual thinkers who distrust AI-generated code.

Code Ownership & Export

Taskade Genesis

• ✅ Full code export (React, Node.js, Python, etc.)
• ✅ Host anywhere (AWS, Vercel, Netlify, your own server)
• ✅ No vendor lock-in (switch platforms anytime)
• ✅ Modify code manually in any IDE
• ✅ Version control with Git

Bubble.io

• ❌ No code export (proprietary platform)
• ❌ Must host on Bubble forever (or rebuild from scratch elsewhere)
• ⚠️ High vendor lock-in (your app is stuck on Bubble)
• ❌ Can't access underlying code for customization
• ⚠️ Limited version control (Bubble's built-in system)

Verdict: Genesis offers true code ownership. Bubble locks you into their ecosystem permanently.

Database & Backend Capabilities

Database Design

Taskade Genesis

• AI-generated database schemas (PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB)
• Export SQL scripts or use hosted databases (Supabase, Firebase)
• Modify database structure manually if needed
• Industry-standard database practices

Bubble.io

• Visual database designer with drag-drop tables
• Built-in Bubble database (proprietary)
• Define fields, types, and relationships visually
• Automatic database management

Verdict: Bubble's visual database is easier for non-technical users. Genesis's standard databases offer more flexibility and portability.

Backend Logic & APIs

Taskade Genesis

• AI generates complete backend code (Node.js, Python, etc.)
• RESTful APIs, GraphQL, WebSockets
• Custom business logic in real code
• Integrate any third-party service

Bubble.io

• Visual workflow builder for backend logic
• API Connector plugin for third-party integrations
• Limited to Bubble's workflow capabilities
• Complex logic becomes difficult to maintain visually

Verdict: Genesis handles advanced backend requirements better. Bubble works for moderate complexity.

Collaboration & Team Features

Taskade Genesis Collaboration

Real-Time Multiplayer

• Live cursor tracking (see teammate edits in real-time)
• @mentions for assigning tasks and code reviews
• Comment threads on code blocks
• Video calls and screen sharing built-in
• Activity feed for all changes

Project Management Integration

• Kanban boards for development sprints
• Gantt charts for timelines
• Task dependencies and milestones
• Document APIs in built-in wiki

Team Cost: $20/month (unlimited everything)

Bubble.io Collaboration

Team Features (Team Plan - $349/month)

• Multiple team members can edit apps
• Version control and branch management
• App roles and permissions
• Collaboration on same app

Limitations

• No real-time multiplayer editing (can't edit simultaneously)
• No built-in project management
• No documentation system
• No communication features (requires Slack/Discord)

Team Cost: $349/month base + $5-10/user for additional seats

Verdict: Taskade Genesis offers superior team collaboration at 1/10th the cost. Bubble's team features are basic and expensive.

Use Case Analysis: Which Tool Wins Where?

Best for Non-Technical Founders

Winner: Bubble.io (if you distrust AI and prefer visual)

If you:

• Have zero coding knowledge and fear code
• Think visually and prefer drag-drop interfaces
• Want to see every UI element and logic flow visually
• Don't mind vendor lock-in and WU pricing complexity

Bubble is designed for non-developers who want full visual control.

But consider: Genesis's AI approach is arguably more intuitive—just describe what you want in plain English. You don't need to understand visual logic flows.

Best for AI-Fluent Developers & Teams

Winner: Taskade Genesis

For developers who:

• Understand code and want full ownership
• Value predictable pricing ($20/mo unlimited apps vs $119-349/mo)
• Need integrated project management and collaboration
• Want to export and host anywhere
• Prefer iterating through natural language vs visual clicking

Genesis delivers faster development with no lock-in.

Best for Budget-Conscious Startups

Winner: Taskade Genesis (massively)

Cost Comparison Over 12 Months:

Genesis:

• Development: $8/mo × 12 = $96
• Scale to 100K users: Still $8/mo
• Total Year 1: $96

Bubble:

• Development: $0 (Free tier)
• Launch: $29/mo × 6 = $174
• Growth: $119/mo × 6 = $714
• Total Year 1: $888 (and climbing with usage)

Savings with Genesis: $792/year (825% cheaper)

Best for Visual Learners

Winner: Bubble.io

If you learn best through visual interfaces and hate reading code:

• See your app design directly in the editor
• Configure logic through visual workflow boxes
• Database structure visible as diagrams
• No "black box" AI generation

Genesis shows you code, which may feel abstract if you're visually oriented.

Best for Complex Enterprise Apps

Winner: Taskade Genesis

For advanced requirements:

• Complex business logic (AI generates sophisticated code)
• Advanced database queries and optimizations
• Custom integrations beyond plugin marketplaces
• Performance optimization (you control the code)
• Security audits (you can review all code)

Bubble's visual workflows become unmaintainable for complex enterprise logic.

Vendor Lock-In & Migration

Exiting Taskade Genesis

How to Migrate Away:

1. Export all code (React, Node.js, Python, etc.)
2. Download database schemas and data
3. Host on any platform (Vercel, AWS, Netlify, your server)
4. Continue development in any IDE
5. Total migration time: 2-4 hours

No penalties, no barriers, no lock-in.

Exiting Bubble.io

The Lock-In Reality:

• ❌ Cannot export Bubble apps to code
• ❌ Must rebuild entire app from scratch in another platform
• ❌ Database export is limited (data only, not structure/logic)
• ❌ All workflows, UI logic, API integrations must be recreated
• ⏱️ Total migration time: 100-500 hours (complete rebuild)

Why This Matters:

• If Bubble raises prices, you're stuck paying
• If Bubble shuts down or is acquired, your app disappears
• If you outgrow Bubble's capabilities, you start over
• If WU costs become unsustainable, you must rebuild

Real User Experience (Reddit, r/SaaS): "We built our SaaS on Bubble, hit 500K WUs/month, and our bill went from $119 to $600/month with overages. Wanted to migrate but realized we'd have to rebuild everything from scratch. Felt like hostages. Wish we'd used AI code generation from day one."

Verdict: Genesis offers complete freedom. Bubble is vendor lock-in by design.

Real User Experiences: Community Reviews

Taskade Genesis User Reviews

Case Study: SaaS Founder (Indie Hackers)
"Started with Bubble, loved the visual builder initially. Three months in, WU costs hit $200/month and I realized I couldn't export my code—completely trapped. Rebuilt with Genesis $20/mo unlimited appsnth with full code ownership. Should've started with AI coding."

Case Study: Agency (ProductHunt review)
"We build client apps. Tried Bubble but per-client WU billing was a nightmare to manage. Switched to Genesis $20/mo unlimited appsnth account, unlimited AI app generation. We export code and host on clients' preferred platforms. Game changer for agencies."

Development Speed (Reddit, r/nocode)
"Genesis AI built my MVP in 4 hours. I just described features in chat, and it generated a full React + Node.js + PostgreSQL app. With Bubble, the same MVP took me 2 weeks of visual programming and workflow configuration. AI is just faster."

Bubble.io User Reviews

Visual Programming Praise (Reddit, r/Bubble)
"For non-technical founders, Bubble is amazing. I see every button, every workflow, every database field visually. AI code generation felt like a black box—I didn't trust it. Bubble lets me understand exactly what's happening."

WU Frustration (Indie Hackers)
"Bubble's Workload Units pricing is predatory. Hit 180K WUs in month 2, forced to upgrade from Starter ($29) to Growth ($119). Month 4, hit 300K WUs with overages adding $80. Now paying $200/month for an app that generates $500/month. Margins crushed."

Lock-In Regret (Reddit, r/SaaS)
"Built 18 months on Bubble. Wanted to migrate to custom code for performance and cost, discovered I can't export anything. Must rebuild from scratch or stay trapped on Bubble forever. Biggest regret of my startup journey. Use AI code gen tools, not no-code platforms."

Plugin Ecosystem (ProductHunt)
"Bubble's plugin marketplace is impressive—1,800+ plugins for everything. But many are paid, poorly maintained, or break during Bubble updates. With Genesis, I just ask AI to integrate any API directly. More reliable."

Common Complaints

Taskade Genesis

• "AI-generated code quality varies—sometimes need manual cleanup"
• "Prefer visual interface over AI chat for simple UI changes"
• "Learning curve to understand what prompts work best"

Bubble.io

• "Workload Units pricing is confusing and unpredictable—surprise bills common"
• "Vendor lock-in is scary—can't export code, stuck forever"
• "Visual workflows become spaghetti for complex logic"
• "Performance issues with large datasets or high traffic"
• "Team plan ($349/month) is overpriced for limited features"

Migration Guides

Switching from Bubble to Taskade Genesis

Step 1: Export Data

• Download database tables as CSV from Bubble
• Document all workflows and business logic
• Save UI screenshots for reference

Step 2: Rebuild with Genesis AI

• Describe your Bubble app to Genesis AI
• AI generates equivalent code in React + Node.js + PostgreSQL
• Import CSV data into new database
• Time estimate: 1-4 weeks (depending on app complexity)

Step 3: Consolidate Workflow

• Migrate project management to Genesis kanban
• Document app in built-in wiki
• Set up team collaboration

Cost Impact:

• Cancel Bubble ($119-349/month)
• New cost: Genesis $20/mo unlimited appsnth)
• Savings: $111-341/month = $1,332-4,092/year

Worth It?: YES, if you've built substantially on Bubble and want to escape lock-in. The rebuild investment pays off in 2-4 months of savings.

Switching from Taskade Genesis to Bubble

Step 1: Manual Rebuild

• Recreate UI visually in Bubble editor
• Rebuild all backend logic as visual workflows
• Recreate database structure in Bubble's visual designer
• Time estimate: 4-12 weeks (everything rebuilt from scratch)

Step 2: Data Migration

• Export data from Genesis database
• Import into Bubble database

Cost Impact:

• Add Bubble ($29-349/month depending on scale)
• Cancel Genesis $20/mo unlimited appsnth)
• Additional cost: $21-341/month = $252-4,092/year

Worth It?: Rarely. Only if you strongly prefer visual programming over code and don't mind lock-in.

Frequently Asked Questions

<FAQAccordion items={[
{
question: "Can I export my Bubble app to code?",
answer: "No. Bubble apps cannot be exported as code. You're locked into the Bubble platform permanently unless you rebuild your app from scratch elsewhere. Taskade Genesis generates exportable code (React, Node.js, etc.) that you can host anywhere."
},
{
question: "What are Bubble's Workload Units (WUs)?",
answer: "WUs measure server resource consumption. Every action (database query, API call, page load) consumes WUs. Plans include WU allowances (50K-500K/month). Exceeding your allowance means overages or app throttling. This makes costs unpredictable. Genesis $20/mo unlimited appsnth unlimited."
},
{
question: "Is Taskade Genesis really unlimited for $20/month?",
answer: "Yes. The Pro plan includes unlimited AI generations, unlimited projects, unlimited team members, and 50GB storage for $20/month (annual billing). No Workload Units, no usage caps, no overage charges."
},
{
question: "Which is easier for non-technical users: Genesis or Bubble?",
answer: "Depends on learning style. Bubble offers visual drag-drop interfaces (easier if you think visually). Genesis uses natural language AI prompts (easier if you can describe what you want). Bubble has steeper learning curve for logic flows; Genesis has steeper learning curve for effective prompting."
},
{
question: "Can I build mobile apps with Bubble or Genesis?",
answer: "Both support mobile. Bubble creates responsive web apps (mobile browsers) + paid add-ons for native iOS/Android. Genesis generates code exportable to React Native or generates responsive web apps. Genesis offers more flexibility."
},
{
question: "Does Bubble have AI features?",
answer: "Bubble doesn't have native AI code generation. You can integrate AI services (OpenAI, etc.) via API Connector plugin. Genesis has AI code generation as its core feature with OpenAI GPT (frontier models), Anthropic Claude Sonnet (latest), and Google Gemini Pro (latest) built-in."
},
{
question: "How much does Bubble cost for a team?",
answer: "Team plan is $349/month (annual billing) for 500,000 WUs. Additional team seats cost extra. Genesis is $20/month with unlimited WUs—$40/month for 5 people vs $349+ on Bubble."
},
{
question: "What happens if I exceed my Bubble WU limit?",
answer: "Your app may slow down (throttling) or you incur overage charges (additional cost per 1,000 WUs). You can upgrade to a higher plan. This creates cost unpredictability. Genesis has no usage limits."
},
{
question: "Can I customize Bubble apps beyond the visual editor?",
answer: "Limited. You can add custom HTML/CSS/JavaScript in elements, but you cannot access or modify the underlying platform code. Genesis gives you full code access for complete customization."
},
{
question: "Which is better for building a SaaS product: Genesis or Bubble?",
answer: "Genesis for most SaaS products—predictable costs ($20/mo unlimited apps vs $119-349/mo), code ownership, no vendor lock-in, faster AI development. Bubble if you strongly prefer visual programming and accept lock-in risks."
},
{
question: "Does Bubble work offline?",
answer: "No. Bubble requires internet connection for editing and running apps. Genesis offers offline editing on desktop/mobile apps with sync when reconnected."
},
{
question: "Can I integrate third-party services with Bubble?",
answer: "Yes via API Connector plugin or 1,800+ plugins from marketplace. Many plugins are paid or poorly maintained. Genesis AI can integrate any API directly by generating integration code."
}
]} />

Final Verdict: Which Should You Choose?

Choose Taskade Genesis If...

✅ You value code ownership and want to export/host anywhere
✅ You need predictable pricing ($8/month unlimited vs WU complexity)
✅ You're comfortable with AI-generated code or want to learn
✅ You work in a team and need integrated collaboration ($8/user vs $349 base)
✅ You want project management + coding in one platform
✅ You fear vendor lock-in and want platform freedom
✅ You're building complex apps requiring advanced backend logic

Best For: AI-fluent developers, teams, agencies, budget-conscious startups, anyone who values code ownership and platform independence

Pricing: $8/month unlimited (save $111-341/month vs Bubble)

Choose Bubble.io If...

✅ You're non-technical and strongly prefer visual interfaces
✅ You think visually and drag-drop feels more intuitive than AI prompts
✅ You distrust AI-generated code and want to see everything visually
✅ You're building moderate-complexity apps (simple logic flows)
✅ You're okay with vendor lock-in (rebuilding elsewhere would be massive effort)
✅ You can afford $29-349/month plus unpredictable WU overages
✅ You want established platform (Bubble founded 2012, 3M apps)

Best For: Visual thinkers, non-technical founders who prefer no-code, simple-to-moderate complexity apps, users willing to accept lock-in trade-offs

Pricing: $29-349/month (Workload Units model, costs grow with usage)

Next Steps

Try Taskade Genesis Free

No credit card required:

• 10 AI generations to test app building
• Full access to project management
• Export generated code
• Up to 3 team members

👉 Start Free Trial

Upgrade to Pro for $8/Month

Unlock unlimited AI app building:

• Unlimited AI generations (frontier models from OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude, and Google Gemini)
• Unlimited projects, tasks, and team members
• Full code export and ownership
• Integrated workspace features

👉 Upgrade to Pro

Try Bubble.io

• Start with Free plan at Bubble.io
• 50,000 WUs to test visual programming
• Drag-drop interface
• Plugin marketplace access

Explore More Comparisons

• Best Bubble Alternatives 2026
• AI Code Generation vs No-Code Platforms
• Taskade vs Retool
• No-Code Platform Comparison 2026

Learn App Building

• What is Vibe Coding?
• AI App Building Guide 2026
• Escape No-Code Vendor Lock-In
• AI Agent Templates for Apps

Bottom Line: Taskade Genesis delivers superior value for 80% of app builders with unlimited AI coding at $20/month, full code ownership, and integrated workspace. Bubble.io serves visual thinkers comfortable with $29-349/month costs and permanent vendor lock-in. For budget-conscious developers and teams who value platform independence, Genesis is the clear winner—10-40× cheaper with no lock-in.

Used both tools? Share your experience on Twitter or join our community.

Related Comparisons

No-Code Platform Showdowns:

• Taskade Genesis vs Glide - Real database vs spreadsheet apps
• Taskade Genesis vs Retool - Full apps vs internal tool builder
• Taskade Genesis vs Softr - Code ownership vs Airtable portals
• Taskade Genesis vs Webflow - Web apps vs marketing sites

AI App Builder Comparisons:

• Taskade Genesis vs Bolt.new - Unlimited vs pay-per-use
• Taskade Genesis vs Cursor AI - App generation vs IDE assistance

Alternative Guides:

• Best Bubble Alternatives 2026 - Top alternatives to Bubble ranked
• Best Vibe Coding Tools 2026 - Complete AI coding market overview

Sources:

• Bubble Pricing 2026
• Bubble Pricing Analysis (Adalo Blog)
• Understanding Bubble Pricing Model (Goodspeed Studio)